Door

INTRODUCTION:-

A door may define as a framework of wood, steel, aluminum, glass, or a combination of these materials secured in an opening left in a wall for the purpose of providing access to the users of the structures. It is a movable structure used to close off an entrance, typically consisting of a panel that swings on hinges or slides or rotates inside of a space. When open, they admit ventilation and light. The door is used to control the physical atmosphere within a space by enclosing the air drafts, so that interiors may be more effectively heated or cooled. Doors are significant in preventing the spread of fire. They also act as a barrier to noise.

They are also used to screen areas of a building for aesthetics, keeping formal and utility areas separate. Doors also have an aesthetic role in creating an impression of what lies beyond. Doors are often symbolically endowed with ritual purposes, and the guarding or receiving of the keys to a door, or being granted access to a door can have special significance. Similarly, doors and doorways frequently appear in metaphorical or allegorical situations, literature and the arts, often as a portent of change.

Parts of Door:

       i.          A-frame:-

It is normally made of Timber. This is in fact that timber is easily available in Nepal and can be workout into different shapes without difficulty. However, where the economy is the main consideration, frames are made of steel or precast RCC members are generally used. Steel of RCC frames are used where infection of termites takes place.

     ii.          Shutter:-

Shutters are generally made of Timber framework with panel insets of glass, timber, plywood, block board or a combination of such materials. In case of steel doors, the shutters are made up of timber framework of rolled steel sections with panel inserts of glass or steel plates. For Small opening a door is provided with one leaf (Shutter) such types of doors are known as single-leaf door. In case of wider opening the door should have two leaves and the such door is termed as double-leaf door.

Types of Doors:-

a.    French door

A French door is a door (installed singly or as one of a matching pair or series) consisting of a frame around one or more transparent and/or translucent panels (called lights or lites); it is also called a French window as it resembles a door-height casement window. A pair of French doors do not generally include a central mullion (as do some casement window pairs), thus allowing a wider unobstructed opening. The frame typically requires a weather strip at floor level and where the doors meet to prevent water ingress. An espagnolette bolt allows the head and foot of each door to be secured in one movement. The slender window joinery maximizes light through into the room and minimizes the visual impact of the doorway joinery when considered externally.

1.     Head – The main horizontal member which forms the top of the patio door frame.

2.     Handle-Activated Locking System – Many patio doors use a handle-activated lock system. A multi-point lock system provides extra security, fastens your door securely in place, and prevents warping brought on by the elements.

3.     Insulated Glass – A combination of two or more panes of glass with a hermetically sealed air space between them. Optional argon gas may be used between panes to further improve thermal performance and energy savings.

4.     Lock Stile – The patio door's vertical structural member which closes against the jamb of the surrounding frame; on the opposite side from the hinges.

5.     Hardware – Depending on the brand of French patio door you purchase, you may have multiple options for hardware including stainless-steel hardware and aluminum-reinforced locks/latches for additional strength and security. Talk to a dealer or contractor about hardware that meets or exceeds forced-entry codes in your area.

6.     Weather-stripping – Weather-stripping is essential to ensure efficient, weather-tight seals for your door.

7.     Sill – The main horizontal member forms the bottom of the patio door frame.

8.     Top Rail – The top horizontal structural member of the patio door frame.

9.     Hinge – A device that allows the turning or pivoting of a part on a stationary frame. (Milgard French patio doors feature a heavy-duty adjustable hinge which allows vertical and horizontal panel adjustments.)

10.  Hinge Stile – The patio door's vertical structural member where the door pivots; is found on the same side of the hinges.

11.  Jamb – The patio door frame members form the top, sides, and bottom of a patio door frame.

12.  Bottom Rail – The bottom structural member of the patio door frame.

b.    Louvered Door

A louver door has fixed or movable wooden fins (often called slats or louvers) which permit open ventilation while preserving privacy and preventing the passage of light to the interior. Being relatively weak structures, they are most commonly used for wardrobes and drying rooms, where security is of less importance than good ventilation, although a very similar structure is commonly used to form window shutters.

c.     Panel Doors:-

A panel door, or stile-and-rail door, consists of vertical members called stiles and horizontal members called rails. The stiles and rails enclose panels of solid wood, plywood, louvers, or glass (fig. 4-16). The stiles extend the full height at each side of the door. The vertical member at the hinged side of the door is called the hinge, or hanging, stile, and the one to which the latch, lock, or push is attached is called the closing, or lock, stile. Three rails run across the full width of the door between the stiles: the top rail, the intermediate or lock rail, and the bottom rail. Additional vertical or horizontal members, called muntins, may divide the door into any number of panels. The rails, stiles, and muntins maybe assembled with either glued dowels or mortise-and-tenon joints.

A composite door is a single leaf door that can be solid or with glass, and is usually filled with high density foam. Most composite doors carry secured by design accreditation. 

d.    Moulded  Door

A molded door has the same structure as that a flush door. The only difference is that the surface material is a molded skin made of MDF. Skins can also be made out of hardboards, the first of which was invented by William H Mason in 1924. Called Masonite, its construction involved pressing and steaming wood chips into boards. Molded doors are commonly used as interior doors.

e.    Battened and ledged doors

This is the simplest form of door commonly used for narrow openings. Door consists of series of vertical battens or boards usually tonged and grooved and fixed fixed together with horizontal battens are knows ledges.

f.      Flush Doors

Flush doors are usually made up of thin sheets of veneer over a core of wood, particle board, or fiberboard. The veneer faces act as stressed-skin panels and tend to stabilize the door against warping. The face veneer may be of ungraded hardwood suitable for a plain finish or selected hardwood suitable for a natural finish. The appearance of flush doors may be enhanced by the application of plant-on decorative panels. Both hollow-core and solid-core doors usually have solid internal rails and stiles so that hinges and other hardware may be set in solid wood. 

Two types of solid wood cores are widely used in flush-door construction. The first type, called a continuous-block, strip- or wood-stave core, consists of low-density wood blocks or strips that are glued together in adjacent vertical rows, with the end joints staggered. This is the most economical type of solid core. However, it is subject to excessive expansion and contraction unless it is sealed with impervious skin, such as a plastic laminate.

The second type is the stile-and-rail core, in which blocks are glued up as panels inside the stiles and rails. This type of core is highly resistant to war pages and is more dimensionally stable than the continuous-block core.

In addition to the solid lumber cores, there are two types of composition solid cores. Mineral cores consist of inert mineral fibers bonded into rigid panels. The panels are framed within the wood rails and stiles, resulting in a core that is light in weight and little affected by moisture. Because of its low density, this type of door should not be used where sound control is important.

The other type has particleboard, flake board, or wafer board cores, consisting of wood chips or vegetable fibers mixed with resins or other binders, formed under heat and pressure into solid panels. This type of core requires a solid-perimeter frame. Since particleboard has no grain direction, it provides exceptional dimensional stability and freedom from war page. Because of its low screw-holding ability, it is usually desirable to install wood blocks in the core at locations where hardware will be attached.

g.     Revolving door

A revolving door typically consists of three or four doors that hang on a center shaft and rotate around a vertical axis within a round enclosure. Revolving doors are energy efficient inasmuch as they prevent drafts, thus preventing increases in the heating or cooling required for the building.[1] At the same time, revolving doors allow large numbers of people to pass in and out.Around the center shaft of the revolving door there are usually three or four doors called "wings" or "leaves." Large-diameter revolving doors can accommodate strollers and luggage racks.

 

h.    Sliding Door:

Sliding door is a type of door that opens horizontally by sliding, whereby the door is either mounted on or suspended from a track. Types of sliding doors include pocket doors, Arcadia doors, and bypass doors. Sliding doors are commonly used for shower doors, glass doors, screen doors, and wardrobe doors.

       i. Top Hung sliding doors

The 'top hung' system is most often used. The door is hung by two trolley hangers at the top of the door running in a concealed track; all the weight is taken by the hangers, making the door easy to move.

At each end is a track stopper to absorb any impact made if the door is slammed and to hold the door in the open or closed position. All top hung sliding door gear systems have a maximum weight limit per pair of trolley hangers. When specifying a suitable sliding system the estimated weight of the door is a critical factor, although most suppliers of sliding door gear can advise on door weights

As the door is hung at the top from two points, it needs additional guides at the bottom to prevent several examples of free-standing top-hung sliding door wardrobes can be seen on several websites. The mechanisms are safe and the bottom of the doors is held in place on tracks. The rollers also have safety locks that prevent the doors from jumping of the tracks. Additional features such as soft closers or dampers can be added to further enhance the feel and usability of these products.

      ii.          Bottom rolling door gear

Sometimes a top hung system cannot be used, as the weight of the door cannot be supported from above; in this case a bottom-rolling system is recommended

A bottom rolling system consists of two rollers at the bottom of the door running on a track and two guides at the top running in a guide channel. As all the weight of the door is concentrated on the two bottom wheels, more force is needed to move the door than on a top-hung system.

i.      Collapsible door

This type of Door is commonly used in Gates, security Zones etc.